Editing Clothing

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A feature of most humans [[societies]] is the wearing of '''clothing''', a category encompassing a wide variety of materials that cover the body. The primary purpose of clothing is functional, as a protection from the [[weather|elements]]. Clothes also enhance safety during hazardous activities such as [[hiking]] and [[cooking]], by providing a barrier between the skin and the environment. Further, clothes provide a [[hygienic]] barrier, keeping toxins away from the body and limiting the transmission of [[Pathogen|germs]].

Clothing performs a range of social and [[culture|cultural]] functions, such as individual, occupational and sexual differentiation, and social status.<ref name=Flugel1930>{{citation |date=1976. First published 1930 |author=Flugel, John Carl |title=The Psychology of Clothes |series=International Psycho-analytical Library |volume=No.18 |publisher=New York: AMS Press. First published byHogarth Press, London |isbn=0404147216}} Alternative ISBN 9780404147211 (This work is one of the earliest attempts at an overview of the psycho-social and practical functions of clothing)</ref> A [[uniform]], for example, may identify civil authority figures, such as police and military personnel, or it may identify team, group or political affiliations. In many societies, norms about clothing reflect standards of [[modesty]], [[religion]], [[gender]], and [[social status]]. Clothing may also function as a form of adornment and an expression of personal taste or style.

Throughout history, many materials have been used for clothes. [[Clothing material|Materials]] have ranged from leather and furs, to woven materials, to elaborate and exotic natural and synthetic fabrics. Recent scientific research estimates that humans have been wearing clothing for as long as 650,000 years.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20030823/fob7.asp |publisher=[[Science News]] |title=The naked truth? Lice hint at a recent origin of clothing |author=John Travis |date=2003-08-23 |volume=164 |issue=8 |pages=118 |format={{Dead link|date=June 2008}} – <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3AThe+naked+truth%3F+Lice+hint+at+a+recent+origin+of+clothing&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup> |postscript=.}}</ref> Others claim that clothing probably did not originate until the [[Neolithic Age]] (the "New Stone Age").{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}

Articles carried rather than worn (such as purses), worn on a single part of the body and easily removed (scarves), worn purely for adornment (jewelry), or those that serve a function other than protection (eyeglasses), are normally considered [[fashion accessory|accessories]] rather than clothing.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}

==Functions==
[[Image:Well-clothed baby.jpg|thumb|A [[Infant|baby]] wearing many items of [[winter]] clothing: [[headband]], [[cap]], fur-lined [[Coat (clothing)|coat]], [[shawl]] and [[sweater]]]]

It can be said that there are four primary factors in clothing comfort, "identifiable as the '4 Fs of Comfort' (1) fashion; (2) feel; (3) fit; and (4) function.<ref name="Goldman2005">{{citation |unused_data=Elsevier Ergonomics Book Series |date=2005 |author=Goldman, Ralph F |chapter=The four 'Fs' of clothing comfort |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=Sfs6mvw98toC&pg=PA315&dq=clothing+function&hl=en&ei=ugaHTOTgMI2KvgPh9cSrCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=clothing%20function&f=false |editor= Tochihara, Yutaka & Ohnaka, Tadakatsu (editors) |title=Environmental Ergonomics: The Ergonomics of Human Comfort, Health and Performance in the Thermal Environment |volume=Vol.3 |isbn=0-080-44466-0 |place=Amsterdam & Boston |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |pages=315–320 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=qvh2sdJoQR8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=environmental+ergonomics&q |accessdate=08 September 2010}}</ref> One of the primary purposes of clothing is to keep the wearer comfortable. In hot climates, clothing provides protection from [[sunburn]] or [[wind]] damage, while in cold climates its thermal insulation properties are generally more important. Shelter usually reduces the functional need for clothing. For example, coats, hats, gloves, shoes, socks, and other superficial layers are normally removed when entering a warm home, particularly if one is residing or sleeping there. Similarly, clothing has seasonal and regional aspects, so that thinner materials and fewer layers of clothing are generally worn in warmer seasons and regions than in colder ones.

Clothing protects people against many things that might injure the uncovered human body. Clothes act as protection from the elements, including rain, snow and wind and other weather conditions, as well as from the sun. Clothes also reduce the level of risk during activity, such as work or sport. Clothing at times is worn as protection from specific [[environment (biophysical)|environment]]al hazards, such as [[insect]]s, noxious chemicals, [[weapon]]s, and contact with abrasive substances. Conversely, clothing may protect the environment from the clothing ''wearer'', as with doctors wearing [[scrubs (clothing)|medical scrubs]].

Humans have shown extreme inventiveness in devising clothing solutions to environmental hazards. Some examples include: [[space suits]], [[air conditioned clothing]], [[armor]], [[diving suits]], [[swimsuits]], [[Beekeeping#Protective clothing|bee-keeper gear]], [[motorcycle leathers]], [[high-visibility clothing]], and other pieces of [[protective clothing]]. Meanwhile, the distinction between clothing and protective equipment is not always clear-cut, since clothes designed to be fashionable often have protective value and clothes designed for functional often consider fashion in their design.

==Scholarship==
Although dissertations on clothing and its functionality are found from the 1800s as colonising countries dealt with new environments,<ref name="Jeffreys1858">e.g. {{citation |date=1858 |author=Jeffreys, Julius |title=The British Army in India: Its Preservation by an appropriate Clothing, Housing, Locating, Recreative Employment, and Hopeful Encouragement of the Troops |place=London |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans & Roberts |url=http://www.archive.org/stream/britisharmyinin01jeffgoog#page/n7/mode/1up |accessdate=08 September 2010}}</ref> concerted scientific research into psycho-social, physiological and other functions of clothing (e.g. protective, cartage) occurred in the first half of the 20th century, with publications such as Flugel's ''Psychology of Clothes'' in 1930,<ref name=Flugel1930/> and Newburgh's seminal ''Physiology of Heat Regulation and The Science of Clothing'' in 1949.<ref name="Newburgh1968">{{citation |date=1968. Reprint of 1949 edition |editor=Newburgh, Louis Harry |title=Physiology of Heat Regulation and The Science of Clothing |place=New York & London |publisher=Hafner Publishing}}</ref> By 1968, the field of environmental physiology had advanced and expanded significantly, but the science of clothing in relation to environmental physiology had changed little.<ref name="Hertig1969">{{citation |date=February 1969 |author=Hertig, Bruce A |title=Book review: Physiology of Heat Regulation and the Science of Clothing |journal=[[Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine]] |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=100 |url=http://journals.lww.com/joem/Citation/1969/02000/Physiology_of_Heat_Regulation_and_the_Science_of.12.aspx |accessdate=08 September 2010}} (reviewer's name appears next to Newburgh, but was not co-author. See also reviewer's name at bottom of page).</ref> While considerable research has since occurred and the knowledge-base has grown significantly, the main concepts remain unchanged, and indeed Newburgh's book continues to be cited by contemporary authors, including those attempting to develop thermoregulatory models of clothing development.<ref name="Gilligan2010">{{citation |date=January 2010 |author=Gilligan, Ian |title=The Prehistoric Development of Clothing: Archaeological Implications of a Thermal Model |journal=Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=15–80 |doi=10.1007/s10816-009-9076-x}}</ref>

==Cultural aspects==
===Gender differentiation===
[[Image:Gül et Rice.jpg|r|thumb|150px|Former [[United States Secretary of State|US Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] and [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gül]] both wearing Western-style business suits.]]

In most cultures, [[gender differences|gender differentiation]] of clothing is considered appropriate for men and women. The differences are in styles, colors and fabrics.

In Western societies, [[skirt]]s, [[Dress (garment)|dresses]] and [[high-heeled shoe]]s are usually seen as women's clothing, while [[necktie]]s are usually seen as men's clothing. [[Trousers]] were once seen as exclusively male clothing, but are nowadays worn by both genders. Male clothes are often more practical (that is, they can function well under a wide variety of situations), but a wider range of clothing styles are available for females. Males are typically allowed to [[bare chested|bare their chests]] in a greater variety of public places. It is generally acceptable for a woman to wear traditionally male clothing, while the converse is unusual.

In some cultures, [[sumptuary law]]s regulate what men and women are required to wear. [[Islam]] requires women to wear more modest forms of attire, usually [[hijab]]. What qualifies as "modest" varies in different Muslim societies; however, women are usually required to cover more of their bodies than men are. Articles of clothing worn by Muslim women for purposes of modesty range from the [[headscarf]] to the [[burqa]].

Men may sometimes choose to wear [[men's skirts]] such as [[togas]] or [[kilt]]s, especially on ceremonial occasions. Such garments were (in previous times) often worn as normal daily clothing by men. Compared to men's clothing, women's clothing tends to be more attractive, often intended to be looked at by men.<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=OXmOXQPc6eEC&pg=PA63&lpg=PA63&dq=Women+%2Bclothing+%2Battention+%2Bdress+-islam&source=bl&ots=za_iogc9KC&sig=EHnPXyq-wPd7rj83ImFs9p4-czo&hl=en&ei=rgEXSo2NKJiQmAeqlvDtDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4 The Pursuit of Attention, 2000]</ref> In modern industrialized nations, women are more likely to wear makeup, [[jewelry]], and colorful clothing, while in very traditional cultures women are protected from men's gazes by modest dress.

===Social status===
[[Image:Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg|thumb|left|[[Alim Khan]]'s bemedaled [[robe]] sends a social message about his wealth, status, and power]]
In some societies, clothing may be used to indicate rank or [[social status|status]]. In ancient [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], for example, only senators were permitted to wear garments dyed with [[Tyrian purple]]. In traditional [[Native Hawaiians|Hawaiian]] society only high-ranking chiefs could wear [[feather cloak]]s and palaoa or carved [[whale]] teeth. Under the [[Travancore]] Kingdom of [[Kerala]], ([[India]]), lower [[caste]] women had to pay a tax for the right to cover their upper body. In [[China]], before the establishment of the [[Republic of China|republic]], only the emperor could wear [[yellow]]. History provides many examples of elaborate [[sumptuary law]]s that regulated what people could wear. In societies without such laws, which includes most modern societies, social status is instead signaled by the purchase of rare or luxury items that are limited by cost to those with wealth or status. In addition, [[peer pressure]] influences clothing choice.

===Religion===
{{See also|Category:Religious vesture}}
[[File:Takbir of prayer.jpg|thumb|[[Arabs]] usually wear white robes and a cap during prayers]]
Religious clothing might be considered a special case of occupational clothing. Sometimes it is worn only during the performance of religious ceremonies. However, it may also be worn everyday as a marker for special religious status.

For example, [[Jain]]s wear unstitched cloth pieces when performing religious ceremonies. The unstitched cloth signifies unified and complete devotion to the task at hand, with no digression.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} Sikhs wear a turban as it is a part of their religion.

The cleanliness of religious dresses in Eastern Religions like [[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] is of paramount importance, since it indicates purity.

Clothing figures prominently in the [[Bible]] where it appears in numerous contexts, the more prominent ones being: the story of [[Adam and Eve]], [[Joseph (son of Jacob)|Joseph]]'s [[Coat of many colors|cloak]], [[Judah (Bible)|Judah]] and [[Tamar (Genesis)|Tamar]], [[Mordecai]] and [[Esther]]. Furthermore the priests officiating in the Temple had very specific garments, the lack of which made one liable to death.

Jewish ritual also requires rending of one's upper garment as a sign of mourning. This practice is found in the Bible when Jacob hears of the apparent death of his son Joseph.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.divreinavon.com/pdf/BegedSimlaJBQ.pdf |title= ?|author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=9 August 2010}}{{Self-published inline|date=June 2010}}</ref>

==Origin and history==
{{Main|History of clothing}}
{{See also|History of Western fashion|Category:History of clothing}}

===First recorded use===
According to archaeologists and anthropologists, the earliest clothing likely consisted of [[fur]], [[leather]], leaves, or grass that were draped, wrapped, or tied around the body. Knowledge of such clothing remains inferential, since clothing materials deteriorate quickly compared to stone, bone, shell and metal artifacts. Archeologists have identified very early [[sewing needle]]s of bone and ivory from about 30,000 BC, found near [[Kostenki]], [[Russia]] in 1988.<ref>Hoffecker, J., Scott, J., ''Excavations In Eastern Europe Reveal Ancient Human Lifestyles'', University of Colorado at Boulder News Archive, March 21, 2002 http://www.colorado.edu/news/r/b278a670675fd8d2ca0700cdc0e9d808.html</ref> Dyed [[flax]] fibers that could have been used in clothing have been found in a prehistoric cave in the [[Republic of Georgia]] that date back to 36,000 [[Before Present|BP]].<ref>Balter M. (2009). Clothes Make the (Hu) Man. Science,325(5946):1329.{{DOI|10.1126/science.325_1329a}}</ref><ref>Kvavadze E, Bar-Yosef O, Belfer-Cohen A, Boaretto E,Jakeli N, Matskevich Z, Meshveliani T. (2009).30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers. Science, 325(5946):1359. {{DOI|10.1126/science.1175404}} [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/data/325/5946/1359/DC1/1 Supporting Online Material]</ref>

Scientists are still debating when people started wearing clothes. Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser and Mark Stoneking, [[anthropology|anthropologists]] at the [[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]], have conducted a genetic analysis of human [[body lice]] that suggests clothing originated quite recently, around 107,000 years ago. Body lice is an indicator of clothes-wearing, since most humans have sparse body hair, and lice thus require human clothing to survive. Their research suggests the invention of clothing may have coincided with the northward migration of modern ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' away from the warm [[climate]] of [[Africa]], thought to have begun between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago. However, a second group of researchers using similar genetic methods estimate that clothing originated around 540,000 years ago (Reed et al. 2004. PLoS Biology 2(11): e340). For now, the date of the origin of clothing remains unresolved.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}

===Making clothing===
{{See also|Weaving|Knitting|Twining}}
Some human cultures, such as the various people of the [[Arctic Circle]], make their clothing entirely of prepared and decorated furs and skins. Other cultures have supplemented or replaced leather and skins with cloth: woven, knitted, or twined from various animal and vegetable fibers.

Although modern consumers may take the production of clothing for granted, making fabric by hand is a tedious and labor intensive process. That the [[textile]] industry was the first to be mechanized — with the [[power loom|powered loom]] — during the [[Industrial Revolution]] attests to this fact.

Different cultures have evolved various ways of creating clothes out of cloth. One approach simply involves draping the cloth. Many people wore, and still wear, garments consisting of rectangles of cloth wrapped to fit — for example, the [[dhoti]] for men and the [[sari]] for women in the [[Indian subcontinent]], the Scottish [[kilt]] or the [[Java (island)|Javanese]] [[sarong]]. The clothes may simply be tied up, as is the case of the first two garments; or pins or belts hold the garments in place, as in the case of the latter two. The precious cloth remains uncut, and people of various [[Clothing sizes|sizes]] or the same person at different sizes can wear the garment.

Another approach involves cutting and sewing the cloth, but using every bit of the cloth rectangle in constructing the clothing. The tailor may cut triangular pieces from one corner of the cloth, and then add them elsewhere as gussets. Traditional European patterns for men's [[shirt]]s and women's [[chemise]]s take this approach.

Modern European [[fashion]] treats cloth much less conservatively, typically cutting in such a way as to leave various odd-shaped cloth remnants. Industrial sewing operations sell these as waste; home sewers may turn them into [[quilt]]s.

In the thousands of years that humans have spent constructing clothing, they have created an astonishing array of styles, many of which have been reconstructed from surviving garments, [[photo]]s, [[painting]]s, [[mosaic]]s, etc., as well as from written descriptions. Costume history serves as a source of inspiration to current [[fashion designer]]s, as well as a topic of [[professional]] interest to costumers constructing for [[Play (theatre)|plays]], [[film]]s, [[television]], and [[historical reenactment]].

==Contemporary clothing==
[[Image:Raverin.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[rave]] style, 2007]]
{{Expand section|date=March 2010}}

=== Spread of western styles ===
By the early years of the 21st century, western clothing styles had, to some extent, become international styles. This process began hundreds of years earlier, during the periods of European [[colonialism]]. The process of cultural dissemination has perpetuated over the centuries as Western media corporations have penetrated markets throughout the world, spreading Western culture and styles. [[Fast fashion]] clothing has also become a global phenomenon. These garments are less expensive, mass-produced Western clothing. Donated [[used good|used]] clothing from Western countries are also delivered to people in poor countries by charity organizations.

=== Ethnic and cultural heritage ===
People may wear ethnic or [[national costume|national dress]] on special occasions or in certain roles or occupations. For example, most Korean men and women have adopted Western-style dress for daily wear, but still wear traditional [[hanbok]]s on special occasions, like weddings and cultural holidays. Items of Western dress may also appear worn or accessorized in distinctive, non-Western ways. A Tongan man may combine a used [[T-shirt]] with a Tongan wrapped skirt, or [[tupenu]].

===Sport and activity===
Most sports and physical activities are practiced wearing special clothing, for practical, comfort or safety reasons. Common [[sportswear]] garments include [[Shorts|short pants]], [[T-shirt]]s, [[tennis shirt]]s, [[tracksuit]]s, and [[athletic shoe|trainers]]. Specialized garments include [[wet suit]]s (for [[human swimming|swimming]], [[diving]] or [[surfing]]), [[salopettes]] (for [[skiing]]) and [[leotards]] (for [[gymnastics]]). Also, [[spandex]] materials are often used as base layers to soak up sweat. Spandex is also preferable for active sports that require form fitting garments, such as wrestling, [[track & field]], dance, gymnastics and swimming.

=== Fashion ===
{{Main|Fashion}}
There exists a diverse range of styles in fashion, varying by geography, exposure to modern media, economic conditions, and ranging from expensive [[haute couture]] to traditional garb, to [[thrift store]] [[grunge]].

=== Future trends ===
The world of clothing is always changing, as new cultural influences meet technological innovations. Researchers in scientific labs have been developing prototypes for fabrics that can serve functional purposes well beyond their traditional roles, for example, clothes that can automatically adjust their temperature, repel bullets, project images, and generate electricity. Some practical advances already available to consumers are bullet-resistant garments made with [[kevlar]] and stain-resistant fabrics that are coated with chemical mixtures that reduce the absorption of liquids.

==Political issues==
===Working conditions===
{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}

Though mechanization transformed most aspects of human industry by the mid 20th century, garment workers have continued to labor under challenging conditions that demand repetitive manual labor. Mass-produced clothing is often made in what are considered by some to be [[sweatshops]], typified by long work hours, lack of benefits, and lack of worker representation. While most examples of such conditions are found in developing countries, clothes made in industrialized nations may also be manufactured similarly, often staffed by undocumented immigrants. {{citation needed|date=March 2010}}

Coalitions of [[NGO]]s, designers (Katharine Hamnett, [[American Apparel]], [[Veja Sneakers|Veja]], [[Quiksilver]], eVocal, Edun,...) and campaign groups like the [[Clean Clothes Campaign]] (CCC) have sought to improve these conditions as much as possible by sponsoring awareness-raising events, which draw the attention of both the media and the general public to the workers.

[[Outsourcing]] production to low wage countries like [[Bangladesh]], [[China]], [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]] became possible when the [[Multi Fibre Agreement]] (MFA) was abolished. The MFA, which placed quotas on textiles imports, was deemed a protectionist measure.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} [[Globalization]] is often quoted as the single most contributing factor to the poor [[Occupational safety and health|working conditions]] of garment workers. Although many countries recognize treaties like the International Labor Organization, which attempt to set standards for worker safety and rights, many countries have made exceptions to certain parts of the treaties or failed to thoroughly enforce them. India for example has not ratified sections 87 and 92 of the treaty.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}

Despite the strong reactions that "sweatshops" evoked among critics of globalization, the production of textiles has functioned as a consistent industry for developing nations providing work and wages, whether construed as exploitative or not, to thousands of people.

===Fur===
{{Main|Fur clothing}}
The use of animal fur in clothing dates to prehistoric times. It is currently associated in developed countries with expensive, designer clothing, although fur is still used by indigenous people in arctic zones and higher elevations for its warmth and protection. Once uncontroversial, it has recently been the focus of campaigns on the grounds that campaigners consider it cruel and unnecessary. [[PETA]], along with other [[animal rights]] and [[animal liberation movement|animal liberation]] groups have called attention to [[fur farming]] and other practices they consider cruel.

==Life cycle==
===Clothing maintenance===
Clothing suffers assault both from within and without. The human body sheds skin cells and body oils, and exudes sweat, urine, and feces. From the outside, sun damage, moisture, abrasion and dirt assault garments. Fleas and lice can hide in seams. Worn clothing, if not cleaned and refurbished, itches, looks scruffy, and loses functionality (as when [[button]]s fall off, seams come undone, fabrics thin or tear, and [[zipper]]s fail).

In some cases, people wear an item of clothing until it falls apart. Cleaning leather presents difficulties, and bark cloth (tapa) cannot be washed without dissolving it. Owners may patch tears and rips, and brush off surface dirt, but old leather and bark clothing always look ''old''.

But most clothing consists of cloth, and most cloth can be [[laundry|laundered]] and mended (patching, [[darning]], but compare [[felt]]).

=== Laundry, ironing, storage ===
Humans have developed many specialized methods for laundering, ranging from early methods of pounding clothes against rocks in running streams, to the latest in electronic [[washing machine]]s and [[dry cleaning]] (dissolving dirt in [[solvents]] other than water). Hot water washing (boiling), chemical cleaning and ironing are all traditional methods of [[Sterilization (microbiology)|sterilizing]] fabrics for [[hygiene]] purposes.

Many kinds of clothing are designed to be [[Ironing|ironed]] before they are worn to remove wrinkles. Most modern formal and semi-formal clothing is in this category (for example, [[dress shirt]]s and [[suit (clothing)|suits]]). Ironed clothes are believed to look clean, fresh, and neat. Much contemporary casual clothing is made of knit materials that do not readily wrinkle, and do not require ironing. Some clothing is [[permanent press]], having been treated with a coating (such as [[polytetrafluoroethylene]]) that suppresses wrinkles and creates a smooth appearance without ironing.

Once clothes have been laundered and possibly ironed, they are usually hung on [[clothes hanger]]s or folded, to keep them fresh until they are worn. Clothes are folded to allow them to be stored compactly, to prevent creasing, to preserve creases or to present them in a more pleasing manner, for instance when they are put on sale in stores.

Many kinds of clothes are folded before they are put in [[suitcase]]s as preparation for travel. Other clothes, such as suits, may be hung up in special garment bags, or rolled rather than folded. Many people use their clothing as packing material around fragile items that might otherwise break in transit.

===Mending===
In past times, mending was an art. A meticulous [[tailor]] or [[seamstress]] could mend rips with thread raveled from [[hem]]s and seam edges so skillfully that the tear was practically invisible. When the raw material — cloth — was worth more than labor, it made sense to expend labor in saving it. Today clothing is considered a consumable item. Mass-manufactured clothing is less expensive than the labor required to repair it. Many people buy a new piece of clothing rather than spend time mending. The thrifty still replace [[zipper]]s and [[button]]s and sew up ripped hems.

===Recycling===
Used, unwearable clothing was once used for [[quilt]]s, [[:wikt:rag|rags]], [[Carpet|rug]]s, [[bandage]]s, and many other household uses. It could also be recycled into [[paper]]. Today, used clothing is usually thrown out or donated to charity. It is also sold to [[consignment shop]]s, [[Dress Agency|dress agencies]] and [[flea market]]s and in [[online auction]]s.

There are many concerns about the life cycle of synthetics, which come primarily from petrochemicals.{{Weasel-inline|date=September 2009}} Unlike natural fibers, their source is not renewable (in less than millions of years) and they are not biodegradable.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*{{citation |date=2008 |author=Finnane, Antonia |title=Changing Clothes in China: Fashion, History, Nation |place=New York |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-14350-9 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=Ju3N4VeiQ28C&printsec=frontcover&dq=clothes+history&q |accessdate=08 September 2010}} ebook ISBN 978-0-231-51273-2
*{{citation |date=2007 |author=Forsberg, Krister & Mansdorf, S.Z |title=Quick Selection Guide to Chemical Protective Clothing |edition=5th |place=Hoboken, New Jersey |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-14681-1 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=UkA2MK9vXEIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=clothing+protective&q |accessdate=08 September 2010}}
*{{citation |doi=10.2165/00007256-200333130-00001 |date=2003 |author=Gavin, Timothy P |title=Clothing and Thermoregulation During Exercise |journal=Sports Medicine |volume=33 |issue=13 |pages=941–947 |url=http://adisonline.com/sportsmedicine/Abstract/2003/33130/Clothing_and_Thermoregulation_During_Exercise.1.aspx |accessdate=08 September 2010 |pmid=14606923}}
*{{citation |date=1993 |author=Hollander, Anne L |title=Seeing Through Clothes |place=Berkley & Los Angeles, California, and London, UK |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=0-520-08231-1 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=CSItqzbG9nIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=clothes&q |accessdate=08 September 2010}}
*{{citation |date=1994 |author=Montain, Scott J; Sawaka, Michael N; Cadarett, Bruce S; Quigley, Mark D; McKay, James M |title=Physiological tolerance to uncompensable heat stress: effects of exercise intensity, protective clothing, and climate |journal=Journal of Applied Physiology |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=216–222 |url=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA283851&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf |accessdate=08 September 2010 |pmid=7961236}}
*{{citation |date=2008 |author=Ross, Robert |title=Clothing, a Global History: or, The Imperialist's New Clothes |place=Cambridge, UK |publisher=[[Polity Press]] |isbn=978-0-7456-3186-8 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=e7LZe4b18ScC&printsec=frontcover&dq=clothes+history&q |accessdate=08 September 2010}} Paperback ISBN 978-0-7456-3187-5
*{{citation |unused_data=Elsevier Ergonomics Book Series |date=2005 |editor=Tochihara, Yutaka & Ohnaka, Tadakatsu |title=Environmental Ergonomics: The Ergonomics of Human Comfort, Health and Performance in the Thermal Environment |volume=Vol.3 |isbn=0-080-44466-0 |place=Amsterdam & Boston |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |pages=315–320 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=qvh2sdJoQR8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=environmental+ergonomics&q |accessdate=08 September 2010}} (see especially sections 5 - 'Clothing' - & 6 - 'Protective clothing').
*{{citation |date=2005 |editor=Yarborough, Portia & Nelson, Cherilyn N |title=Performance of Protective Clothing: Global Needs and Emerging Markets |volume=8th Vol. |place=West Conshohocken, PA |publisher=[[ASTM International]] |isbn=0-8031-3488-6 |issn=1040-3035 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=pbnN_SL4H9AC&printsec=frontcover&dq=protective+clothing+nelson&q |accessdate=08 September 2010}}

==See also==
*[[Naturism]]
*[[Thermoregulation]]

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|clothing}}

* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/wiltshire/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8299000/8299700.stm BBC Wiltshire] Dents Glove Museum
* [http://www.itaaonline.org/template.asp?intPageId=1 International Textile and Apparel Association], scholarly publications
* [http://www.german-hosiery-museum.de/hosiery-museum.htm German Hosiery Museum (English language)]
* [http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Kittler.CurBiol.2003.pdf Molecular Evolution of Pediculus humanus and the Origin of Clothing] by Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser and Mark Stoneking (.[[PDF]] file)
* [http://hearth.library.cornell.edu/ Cornell Home Economics Archive: Research, Tradition, History (HEARTH)]
{{Clothing}}

[[Category:Clothing| ]]

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[[ast:Ropa]]
[[ay:Isi]]
[[bn:বস্ত্র]]
[[zh-min-nan:Ho̍k-chong]]
[[be:Адзенне]]
[[bar:G'wand]]
[[bs:Odjeća]]
[[br:Dilhad]]
[[bg:Облекло]]
[[ca:Roba]]
[[cv:Тумтир]]
[[cs:Oděv]]
[[cy:Dillad]]
[[da:Tøj]]
[[pdc:Gleeder]]
[[de:Kleidung]]
[[es:Indumentaria]]
[[eo:Vesto]]
[[eu:Jantzi]]
[[fa:پوشاک]]
[[fr:Vêtement]]
[[ga:Éadaí]]
[[gv:Eaddeeyn]]
[[gd:Aodach]]
[[gl:Roupa]]
[[gan:衣裳]]
[[ko:옷]]
[[hr:Odjeća]]
[[id:Pakaian]]
[[iu:ᐊᐅᑦᓯᓇᖅᑐᖅ/autsinaqtuq]]
[[is:Fatnaður]]
[[it:Abbigliamento]]
[[he:ביגוד]]
[[ka:ტანსაცმელი]]
[[ky:Кийим]]
[[sw:Mavazi]]
[[ht:Rad]]
[[la:Vestimenta]]
[[lv:Apģērbs]]
[[lt:Apranga]]
[[hu:Ruházat]]
[[ml:വസ്ത്രധാരണം]]
[[ms:Pakaian]]
[[nah:Tlaquēmitl]]
[[nl:Kleding]]
[[ja:被服]]
[[no:Klær]]
[[nn:Klede]]
[[nrm:Habit]]
[[pnb:کپڑے]]
[[pl:Odzież]]
[[pt:Roupa]]
[[ksh:Pluute]]
[[qu:P'achallina]]
[[ru:Одежда]]
[[sah:Таҥас]]
[[scn:Abbigghiamentu]]
[[simple:Clothing]]
[[sl:Obleka]]
[[sr:Одећа]]
[[sh:Odjeća]]
[[fi:Vaate]]
[[sv:Kläder]]
[[tl:Kasuotan]]
[[ta:உடை]]
[[th:เสื้อผ้า]]
[[tg:Либос]]
[[tr:Giyim]]
[[uk:Одяг]]
[[ur:لباس]]
[[vec:Abijamento]]
[[vi:Trang phục]]
[[fiu-vro:Rõivas]]
[[wa:Mousmint]]
[[war:Panapton]]
[[yi:קליידונג]]
[[zh-yue:衫]]
[[bat-smg:Apriedā]]
[[zh:服装]]

Clothes

Minggu, 24 Oktober 2010

Clothing

Editing Clothing

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